Orange Juice

Product Uses

Food Uses 1

The main use of orange juice is as a beverage. According to the Juice Products Association, orange juice can also be used as an ingredient in recipes for a variety of things including dessert, dressings and marinades, cocktails, breads, and smoothies.

Non-Food Uses (2010) 2

Orange juice can be applied directly to skin to increase their collagen production or prevent acne, as well as for other cosmetic benefits. Orange juice is also used to supplement vitamin C in the diet.

Food Product Codes

FDA Industry Code and General Industry Description 3

FDA Industry Code	Description of Product

HTS code(s) 4

HTS Code	Description of Product

USDA NDB code(s) 5

USDA NDB Code	Description of Product

Standards and Grades

CODEX Standards 6

CODEX STAN 45-1981
CODEX STAN 64-1981

FDA Standard of Identity 7

§146.135 Orange juice.
(a) Orange juice is the unfermented juice obtained from mature oranges of the species Citrus sinensis or of the citrus hybrid commonly called “Ambersweet” ( 1⁄2 Citrus sinensis X 3⁄8 Citrus reticulata X 1⁄8 Citrus paradisi (USDA Selection:1-100-29: 1972 Whitmore Foundation Farm)). Seeds (except embryonic seeds and small fragments of seeds that cannot be separated by current good manufacturing practice) and excess pulp are removed. The juice may be chilled, but it is not frozen.

(b) The name of the food is “orange juice”. The name “orange juice” may be preceded on the label by the varietal name of the oranges used, and if the oranges grew in a single State, the name of such State may be included in the name, as for example, “California Valencia orange juice”.

[42 FR 14433, Mar. 15, 1977, as amended at 57 FR 57667, Dec. 7, 1992]

USDA Grades 8

1. U.S. Grade A-quality of orange juice that meets the applicable requirements of Tables I – VIII
2. U.S. Grade B- quality of orange juice that meets the applicable requirements of Tables I – VIII
3. Substandard- quality of orange juice that fails to meet the requirements for Grade B.

Consumption, Production and Trade

Estimated Consumption of Orange Juice in the United States per capita 2008 - 2017 9

Updated June 2020.

Annual Quantity of Orange Juice Produced in the United States 10

*units are in metric tonnes

United States Import Patterns 11

Fresh orange imports vary drastically by month throughout the year, but these changes are relatively consistent from 2010 to 2014. Orange Imports typically start to increase in July, peak in August and decline after that. In each year in this figure, Mexico is the top orange exporter to the U.S.November through June. July through October, however the U.S. imports almost no oranges from Mexico. During this time, the orange imports into the U.S. come primarily from South Africa and Chile.

Monthly Imports of Orange Juice into the United States (January, 2018 - May, 2023) 11

Import quantity HTS codes: 20091*. Updated July, 2023.

US Imports and Exports by Value (2015-2022) 11

Import value HTS codes: 200911, 200912, 200919. Updated July, 2023.
Export value HTS codes: 200912, 200919. Updated July, 2023.

US Imports and Exports by Quantity (2015-2022) 11

Import quantity HTS codes: 200911, 200912, 200919. Updated July, 2023.
Export quantity HTS codes: 200912, 200919. Updated July, 2023.

Top 5 Producing Countries of Orange Juice 12

Country	Metric Tons

Top 5 Exporting Countries of Orange Juice 13

Country	Metric Tons

Active anti-dumping/countervailing duties 14

Based on the list of antidumping and countervailing duty orders current as of July 1, 2020, there are no active antidumping or countervailing duties for this product.

Processing and Supply Chain Characteristics

Seasonality Profile 15

The growing season for oranges depends on the specific orange. Navel oranges are ripe December through April, while Valencia oranges grow April to December and Blood oranges grow January to April. Oranges are mostly grown in Florida, California, Texas, and Brazil. During the growing period, the temperature should be between 55º and 100º F, while during winter dormancy, the ideal temperature range is 35º to 50º F. In Florida, efforts are made to keep the trees safe during the winter.

Supply Chain Characteristics 16

The orange juice industry is very concentrated and a small number of companies in Brazil and Florida dominate the market. These companies are also very vertically integrated, so one company may represent multiple nodes of the supply chain. The supply chain of orange juice is typically as follows: oranges are grown and harvested, oranges enter the processing industry, frozen concentrated orange juice is made, product is exported, product enters the beverage industry where it is bottled, product is imported or sent to wholesalers, the product is then sent to global retail chains, food service, or traditional retail outlets before is reaches the final consumer.

Way Exported 17

Juice is stored and shipped in cold tanks or steel drums.

Shipping pattern into US 16

Most orange juice is produced in Florida and Brazil and then sent directly to the beverage industry in the U.S.

Typical Packaging 18

Orange Juice is typically packaged in bottles or cartons. Frozen orange juice is usually packaged in plastic or paper and metal cans.

Food Safety and Defense

Typical Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) 19

Hazard	Common Controls	Production/Processing Step

Key Activity Type - Coating/Mixing/Grinding/Rework 20

Yes - coating/mixing/grinding/rework, liquid receiving/loading, and liquid storage/hold/surge tanks.

Key Activity Type - Ingredient Staging/Prep/Addition 20

Key Activity Type - Liquid Receiving/Loading 20

Yes

Key Activity Type - Liquid Storage/Hold/Surge Tanks 20

Yes

Recall history 21

In 2018, orange juice was recalled for containing undeclared milk

Foodborne illness pathogens 22

2004: Hepatitis A outbreak from orange juice
1999: Salmonella in unpasteurized orange juice

List of past EMA adulterants 23

Amino acids, beet sugar, citric acid, natamycin, orange pulpwash, mandarin juice, arsenic, DEPC, Oleum 320/IDEA, sugar

Terrorism and Attacks Involving Food 24

Munir Said Thalib, an Indonesian human rights activist, was assassinated on a flight from Jakarta to Amsterdam. His cause of death was from consuming orange juice laced with arsenic, which was served to him by in-flight service. Though others were convicted, the assassination was allegedly orchestrated by Indonesian intelligence services. The Garuda airline was also ordered by courts to pay for negligence when they refused to perform an emergency landing for Thalib’s illness.

Current issues 25

A recent study has shown a link between consumption of orange juice and an increased risk of melanoma that has been featured in the media in 2015. There has also been a spotlight on orange juice in recent years for not being as healthy as consumers believe. Consumers are realizing that orange juice is high in sugar and not extremely beneficial to their health. This is thought to be the cause of declining orange juice sales in the U.S.

Food Defense Incidents (2019) 26

Type of incident EMA Number of illnesses 0 Number of deaths 0 Year Began Before 1980 Year Ended 1991	Incident summary In the United States, millions of cartons of orange juice from concentrate were sold that actually contained small amounts of diluted juice adulterated with beet sugar, citric acid, amino acids, orange pulpwash (the residual pulp remaining after oranges are squeezed; not permitted in pure orange juice), and an antibiotic preservative called natamycin, which was not approved by FDA for use in beverages at the time. The use of these products may be beneficial in extending the shelf life of the product at reduced cost. The concentrate was also supplied to school districts in Chicago, St. Louis, and Detroit as well as Ohio and Indiana. The company plead guilty to defrauding the public for $40 million. During a routine inspection, an investigator from the FDA saw an employee of Peninsular Products adding orange pulpwash to a juice labeled as orange juice from concentrate. No illnesses or deaths were reported. Adulterated food product(s) Orange Juice Affected food product(s) fruit juices Originated location(s) United States Harm location(s) United States, United States, United States, United States, United States, United States, United States, United States, United States, United States, United States, United States, United States, United States
Type of incident EMA Number of illnesses 0 Number of deaths 0 Year Began Before 1980 Year Ended 1985	Incident summary The three owners of Bodines, a manufacturer of frozen orange juice concentrate, were charged with adding corn sugar, beet sugar, monosodium glutamate, ascorbic acid, potassium sulfate, orange pulp wash and grapefruit pulp to their products in order to stretch the orange juice concentrate they bought from Brazil. By using cheaper substitutes, they were able to gain a competitive market advantage. Each day 51,750 gallons of orange juice concentrate distributed to supermarkets in 36 states between 1978 and 1985 where they were resold under the supermarkets private label. The adulterated orange juice concentrate was also sold under Bodines Vita Gold name. The issue was brought to the attention of federal authorities because competitors were suspicious of the companys lower prices. The co-owners only admitted to using grapefruit solids as part of their plea agreement and were fined $250,000 and ordered to complete 200 hours of community service. Adulteration of the product ended when Bodines was sold to McCain Foods Ltd. in 1985. Adulterated food product(s) Orange Juice Affected food product(s) fruit juices Originated location(s) United States Harm location(s) United States, Canada
Type of incident EMA Number of illnesses 0 Number of deaths 0 Year Began 1986 Year Ended 1988	Incident summary A Michigan-based orange juice manufacturing firm sold frozen unsweetened orange juice concentrate that contained beet sugar to lower production costs and increase profits. The juice was sold primarily in the U.S. Midwest. The adulteration was discovered when trade sources notified the FDA. No illnesses or deaths were reported in relationship to this adulteration. Adulterated food product(s) Orange Juice Affected food product(s) fruit juices Originated location(s) United States Harm location(s) United States
Type of incident EMA Number of illnesses 0 Number of deaths 0 Year Began 1985 Year Ended 1990	Incident summary Sun Up substituted an inexpensive liquid beet sugar for some of the more expensive orange juice concentrate, then labeled the product unsweetened orange juice concentrate and sold it to manufacturers for making juice for retail sale. FDA investigators found that up to 20 million pounds of beet sugar was used in the adulteration through a system of hidden pipes and rooms to evade detection upon multiple FDA inspections. The estimated cost to consumers was $10 to $20 million. Sun Up used other companies (Candy Base Co. and Frank Farmer) as fronts for buying sugar; these companies created fake billing documents for orange concentrate. FDA discovered the secret rooms after interviews with Sun up employees. No illnesses or deaths were reported in association with this adulteration. Adulterated food product(s) Orange Juice Affected food product(s) fruit juices Originated location(s) United States Harm location(s) United States
Type of incident EMA Number of illnesses 0 Number of deaths 0 Year Began 1980 Year Ended 1988	Incident summary In 1989 and 1990, Grove Fresh Distributors, Inc. filed six unfair competition suits; each case named multiple defendants including 4 orange juice processors (Bodines, EverFresh, Holiday Juice, Flavor Fresh) and their owner, John Labatt Ltd.Evidence connected Labatt and the four processors to a scheme to make and sell adulterated orange juice that was falsely labeled and sold as 100% pure. The scheme affected markets in at least 26 states and lasted 30 years. Flavor Fresh and a co-packer manufactured 36,616,814 gallons of adulterated, misbranded orange juice products for which consumers paid $151,000,000. The government’s expert witness calculated that the harm to consumers who bought those adulterated products was $45,000,000, which represented the difference between what consumers paid and what the products were truly worth. Over at least a 10 year period, the juice processors are alleged to have added Dethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC), an illegal antimicrobial, to orange juice products. In 1972 DEPC was banned from use in human food due to results of an FDA study which showed that when DEPC is added to certain juices like orange juice, the DEPC breaks down into its constituent compounds. These compounds are able to combine with other ingredients in orange juice to form urethane, a known carcinogen. DEPC is undetectable in orange juice after 24 hours. Everfresh Juice was formed by the combination of several juice subsidiaries (Home Juice, Everfresh, and Holiday Juice companies) owned by the Labatt company in Canada.The antimicrobial (DEPC) (Oleum320/IDEA) was imported from Germany and under the jurisdiction of the EPA, it was falsely declared as a cleaning-in-place solution. DEPC was allegedly used as a food additive in the orange juice products to prevent spoilage and extend the shelf life while preserving flavor. The adulteration was reported to FDA and government officials by former employees and a competitor whose sales were being undercut by the adulterated product. When juice samples were examined by the FDA, no traces of DEPC were detected. However, the samples were tested several months after production. Tests for the presence of the urethane byproduct were not conducted. It was suggested that the president of Everfresh worked with other employees to secretly adulterate the orange juice and concealed these acts by using chemicals that couldnt be detected. Court documents also indicate that a fabricated set of record books was located upon investigation. Additionally, natamycin, an antimicrobial that is not approved for use in foods, may have been an additive. The Justice Department declined to prosecute on the ground that the only injury was economic, since the preservatives in question did not present any danger to the public health or safety. No illnesses or deaths were reported in association with this incident. Adulterated food product(s) Orange Juice Affected food product(s) fruit juices Originated location(s) United States, Canada Harm location(s) United States, Canada

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